Vikram Sarabhai Essays and Term Papers

MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (MCA) MCA/ASSIGN/III/YEAR/2012 ASSIGNMENTS Year, 2012-13 (3rd Semester) (MCS-031, MCS-032, MCS-033, MCS-034, MCS-035, MCSL-36) There are ten questions in this assignment, which carries 80 marks. Rest 20 marks are for viva-voce. Answer all the questions. You may use illustration and diagrams to enhance the explanations. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the MCA Programme Guide for the format of presentation. The examples, whenever asked to be given, should be different from those that are discussed in the course material.Question1: Using Insertion Sort, sort the following sequence in increasing (10 marks) order and do the analysis of the algorithm: 35, 37, 18, 15, 40, 12 Question 2: Write a pseudocode for divide and conquer algorithm for finding the position of an array of n numbers and estimate the number of key comparisons made by your algorithm. (10 marks) Question 3: Apply quicksort to sort the following list: Q U I C K S O R T (10 marks) in alphabetical order. Find the element whose position is unchanged in the sorted list. Question 4: Write Strassen’s matrix multiplications algorithm for obtaining the product of two matrices. 10 marks) Question 5: (i) Define DFS. Explain briefly how it differs from BFS. (10 marks) (ii) Write pseudocode for DFS and calculate its time complexity Question 6: Apply Kruskal’s algorithm to find minimal spanning tree with an example. (10 marks) Question7: Arrange the following growth rates in increasing order: O (3n), O (n2), O (1), O (n log n) Question 8: Using Principle of Mathematical Induction, prove that the sum 20 + 21 +†¦+ 2n is 2n +1 – 1 for all n ? 1. (4 marks) (6 marks) Question 9: Define Knapsack Problem and cite one instance of the problem. (5 arks) Question 10: Explain the essential idea of Dynamic Programming. How does Dynamic Programming differ from Divide and conquer approach for solving problems? (5 marks) 3 Course Code Course Titlle Assignment Number Assignment Marks Weightage Last Dates for Submission : : : : : : MCS-032 Object Oriented Analysis and Design MCA(3)/032/Assign/2012 100 25% 15th October, 2012 (For July 2012 Session) 15th April, 2013 (For January 2013 Session) There are eight questions in this assignment, which carried 80 marks. Rest 20 marks are for viva-voce. Answer all the questions.Make necessary assumptions where ever required. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the Program Guide for the format of presentation. Question 1: What is Object Orientation? Explain features of Object Oriented approach of system design. Why it is better than Structured approach of system design. (10 Marks) What is UML? Briefly explain, different UML Diagrams used for Modeling. Question 2: (10 Marks) Question 3: What is class diagrams? Explain how classes are identified in designing of an object oriented system, with the help of an example. (10 Marks) What is generalization?Explain how it is different from specialization with an example. Question 4: (10 Marks) Question 5: What is dynamic model? Also explain how it is different from object model. (10 Marks) Question 6: What is state diagram ? Differentiate between a simple state diagram and a composite state diagram. Draw state diagram for Railway Reservation System. (10 Marks) What is Bi-directional Implementation? Explain advantages of Bi- directional Implementation with example. (10 Marks) What is ternary association? Explain how ternary associations are mapped into tables with an example. (10 Marks)Question 7: Question 8: 4 Course Code Course Title Assignment Number Maximum Marks Weightage Last Dates for Submission : : : : : : MCS-033 Advanced Discrete Mathematics MCA(3)/033/Assign/2012 100 25% 15th October, 2012 (For July 2012 Session) 15th April, 2013 (For January 2013 Session) There are FIVE questions of total 80 marks in this assignment. Answer all questions. 20 Marks are for viva-voce. You may use illu strations and diagrams to enhance explanations. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the Programme Guide for the format of presentation.Question 1: (a) Using Karnaugh map, simplify X': A'BC'D'+ ABCD+ ABCD'+ ABCD' (5 Marks) (b) Describe Konigsberg’s 7 bridges problem and Euler's solution to it. B (5 Marks) (c) Show that the sum of the degrees of all vertices of a graph is twice the number of edges in the graph. (5 Marks) Question 2: (a) Let G be a non directed graph with 12 edges. If G has 5 vertices each of degree 3 and the rest have degree less than 3, what is the minimum number of vertices G can have? (5 Marks) (b) What is Graph Cloning? Explain K-edge cloning with an example. (5 Marks) c) Let f(n)= 5 f(n/ 2) + 3 and f(1) = 7. Find f(2k) where k is a positive integer. Also estimate f(n) if f is an increasing function. (5 Marks) Question 3: (a) Define r-regular graph. Give an example of 3-regular graph. (5 Marks) (b) f is bijective function with Ra nge of f as the (5 Marks) 5 (c) What are isomorphic graphs? Are the graphs given below isomorphic? Explain why? (7 Marks) a b 1 d c 3 4 2 (i) (ii) (4 Marks) (d) What is connected Graph? Construct a graph with chromatic number 5. Question 4: (a) Solve following recurrence relations i) = + n, =2 (9 Marks) sing substitution method ii) iii) 9 = (b) Write a short note on Tower of Hanoi Problem. How can it be solved using recursion ? Question 5: (a) Show that for subgraph H of a graph G ? (H) ? ? (G) (b) What is Divide and Concuer relations? Explain with an example? (4 Marks) (4 Marks) (4 Marks) (c) Find a power series associated with the problem where we have to find a number of ways to select 10 people to form and expert committee from 6 Professors and 12 Associate Professors. (4 Marks) (d) Tree is a Bipartite Graph† justify the statement with an example? (4 Marks) 6Course Code Course Title Assignment Number Maximum Marks Weightage Last Dates for Submission : : : : : : MCS-034 Sof tware Engineering MCA(3)/034/Assign/12 100 25% 15th October, 2012 (For July 2012 Session) 15th April, 2013 (For January 2013 Session) This assignment has one question for 80 marks. 20 marks are for viva voce. You may use illustrations and diagrams to enhance the explanations. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the Programme Guide for the format of presentation. Question 1: Assume that you are assigned responsibility of developing a Student Admission System (SAS).Admissions take place through various modes such as accepting applications by post, online etc. SAS should accept data from all modes and create a merit list for admissions to various programmes offered by the University. For developing SAS as specified above, (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Which SDLC paradigm will be selected. Justify your answer. List the functional and non-functional requirements. Estimate cost Estimate effort Develop SRS using IEEE format (20 marks) (10 marks) (10 marks) (10 marks) (30 marks) 7 Course Code Course Title Assignment Number Maximum Marks Weightage Last Dates for Submission : : : : : :MCS-035 Accountancy and Financial Management MCA (3)/035/Assign/2012 100 25% 15th October, 2012 (For July 2012 Session) 15th April, 2013 (For January 2013 Session) This assignment has five questions. Answer all questions. 20 marks are for viva voce. You may use illustrations and diagrams to enhance the explanations. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the Programme Guide for the format of presentation. Question 1: From the following Trial Balance of Rama Nand Sagar, prepare Trading and Profit & Loss Account for the year ended 31st December, 2011 and a Balance Sheet as on that date:Dr.Balances Opening Stock Purchases Sales Return Carriage Inwards Carriage Outwards Wages Salaries Plant & Machinery Furniture Sundry Debtors Bills Receivable Cash in Hand Travelling Expenses Lighting Rent and Taxes General Expenses Insurance Drawings Rs. 20,000 80,00 0 6,000 3,600 800 42,000 27,500 90,000 8,000 52,000 2,500 6,300 3,700 1,400 7,200 10,500 1,500 18,000 3,81,000 Cr. Balances Sales Purchase Return Discount Sundry Creditors Bills Payable Capital Rs. 2,70,000 4,000 5,200 25,000 1,800 75,000 3,81,000 8 Adjustments:(1) Stock on 31st December, 2011 was valued at Rs. 24,000 (Market Value Rs. 0,000). (2) Wages outstanding for December, 2011 amounted to Rs. 3,000. (3) Salaries outstanding for December, 2011 amounted to Rs. 2,500. (4) Prepaid insurance amounted to Rs. 300. (5) Provide depreciation on Plant and Machinery at 5% and on Furniture at 20%. (20Marks) Question 2: Following are the balance sheets of a limited company as on 31st December, 2010 and 2011. Liabilities 2010 Rs. 2011 Rs. Assets 2010 Rs. 2011 Rs. Share Capital Reserves B. & L A/c Bank Loan (Long-term) Creditors Bills Payable 64,000 13,000 8,600 25,000 38,000 8,000 1,56,600 84,000 15,500 8,800 –34,000 8,500 1,50,800Goodwill Buildings Plant Stock Debtors Cash Bank 3,00 0 50,950 35,000 25,500 42,000 150 –1,56,600 2,250 48,000 43,000 18,800 36,200 180 2,100 1,50,800 Taking into account the following additional information, you are re-required to prepare funds flow statement and statement of changes in working capital. (a) Dividend paid was Rs. 6,000/(b) Rs. 3,600/- was written off as depreciation on plant and Rs. 2,950/- on buildings. (c) Profit on sale of plant was Rs. 3,000/(20 Marks) 9 Question 3: The following are the ratios extracted from the Balance Sheet of a company as on 31st Dec 2011. Draw up the Balance Sheet of the company.Current Liabilities Current Assets Liquidity Ratio Stock Turnover Ratio (Based on COGS) Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio (Based on sale) Gross Profit as percentage of sales Debtor collection period Working capital Shareholders Capital Reserve and Surplus 1. 0 2. 5 1. 5 6 2 20% 2 Months Rs. 3, 00,000 Rs. 5, 00,000 Rs. 2, 50,000 (20 Marks) Question 4: Critically examine the various methods of evaluation of capital budg eting proposals? Explain the significance and application of the technique of discounted cash-flow. (20 Marks) Question 5: What do you mean by receivable management? What are its objectives?Explain the dimensions of receivable management. (20 Marks) 10 Course Code Course Title Assignment Number Maximum Marks Weightage Last Dates for Submission : : : : : : MCSL-036 Lab Course MCA (3)/036L/Assign/2012 100 25% 31st October, 2012 (For July 2012 Session) 30th April, 2013 (For January 2013 Session) This assignment has three sections. Answer all the questions in each section. Section 1 and Section 2 are of 13 marks each. The lab records related to these sections also carries 13 marks each. Section 3 and lab records related to section 3 carry 14 marks each. Rest 20 marks are for viva voce.You may use illustrations and diagrams to enhance the explanations. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the Programme Guide for the format of presentation. SECTION 1: MCS-032 Qu estion 1: Ram and Shyam are starting a breakfast in a small town. They will have three bedrooms for guests. They want to develop software service to manage the reservations and to monitor expenses and profits. When a potential customer calls for a reservation, they will check the calendar, and if there is a vacancy, they will enter the customer name, address, phone number, dates, agreed upon price, credit card number, and room number(s).Reservations must be guaranteed by 1 day’s payment. Reservations will be held without guarantee for an agreed upon time. If not guaranteed by that date, the reservation will be dropped. i) Draw at least two use case diagrams and define all the classes. ii) Draw the Sequence and Collaboration Diagrams. iii) Draw the Class Diagrams. iv) Draw the State Transition Diagram. v) Draw the Component Deployment Model. SECTION 2: MCS-034 Question 1: An automobile dealer wants to automate its inventory. It can record all of the cars that a customer purcha ses. It records all repairs. It records all arriving shipments of repair parts.The dealer wants daily reports on total daily repairs, daily sales, and total inventory. This report is called â€Å"dailyreport. † The dealer also keeps track of all customers and potential customers that visit the dealership. The dealer also wants a monthly report showing all visits and purchases by customers listed by day of the month. The dealer also wants the ability to query about any customer or potential customer. (2 marks) (3 marks) (3 marks) (3 marks) (2 marks) 11 i) Develop the SRS by performing requirements study. ii) Identify various processes of the system and generate the DFD’s for the system.You may use any software to develop the DFD. iii) Design the ER diagram for the company and do the database design giving all the constraints. iv) Perform the detailed procedural design for any two processes. (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) v) Create at least four test cases for e ach of the procedures designed in part (iv) (2 marks) vi) Suggest some security mechanism for the usage of the system with various privileges. (2 marks) vii) Draw the PERT diagram for the given set of tasks and dependencies. Complete the table showing the critical path and the slack time. 2 marks) SECTION 3: MCS-035 Question 1: Prepare Trading Account and Profit and Loss A/c of Mr. Sanyam and Balance Sheet from the following balances extracted from books for the year ending 31st March 2009: (14 marks) Trial Balance of Mr. Sanyam as on 31st March, 2009 Dr. Amount (Rs. ) 1,520 17,425 10,000 900 4,000 2,750 50 100 50 100 100 150 300 500 18,750 150 Cr. Amount (Rs. ) Particulars Cash Account Bank Account Machinery Account Furniture A/c Stock (1-4-2005) Purchase A/c Discount Allowed Repair A/c Cartage A/c Municipal Taxes Advertising A/c Rent A/c Salaries Bad debts A/c Capital Bad debts recovered A/c 2 Discount Received Sales Loan @ 12% p. a. Shyam Bros. 37,945 45 15,000 2,000 2,000 37,945 Following adjustment are to be made: (i) Salaries Outstanding Rs. 200, Prepaid Rent Rs. 50. (ii) Provide depreciation on machinery at 10%; write off furniture by 20%. (iii) Interest on loan has been due for one year and remained unpaid. (iv) Write off Rs. 400 which are not to be paid to Shyam Bros. (v) Provide interest on capital @6% p. a. for full year. (vi) Value of closing stock on 31. 3. 2006 was Rs. 8,000. 13

The Aboriginal Experience †Struggles For Rights And Freedom

The Aboriginal Experience – Struggles For Rights And Freedom The Aboriginal Experience - Struggles For Rights And Freedom The Aboriginal Experience - Struggles For Rights And Freedom"Throughout the second half of the twentieth century many Aboriginal people have experienced struggles for rights and freedoms." The struggle for Aboriginal and Islander Land Rights is the longest-running political conflict in Australia's history. The issue of Aboriginal land rights in Australia has existed for over 200 years, and the process still has some way to go. Why is land so important to Aboriginal people's history and beliefs? They have maintained their fight for land justice against the odds, and despite a history of continued dispossession and alienation from land. Some significant areas of land and social rights have now been achieved. It wasn't until the passing of the Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902 and the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 that Indigenous people were not included as citizens of Australia, and could therefore not vote. When white Australia celebrated 150 years of settlement on January 26 1938, Aboriginal people in Sydney marked it as a Day of Mourning. Aboriginal Embassy and Mount Ainslie 29-10-06 They stated that there was little for Aboriginal people to celebrate, and mocked the claims of white Australians to be a "civilised, progressive, kindly and humane nation". During 1900-1950's, hardships for Aboriginals continued and their push for equal rights and freedom were meaningless to the government. This was shown with the government policy to take Aboriginal children from their families and place them in missions. Once there they would be given new identities and live in a harsh environment where they would be made to live in a 'White mans way' and forget their past culture. This would later be known as the Stolen Generation. The 1960s saw a lot of change; but most Aboriginal people in the early twenty-first century might argue that the changes have not achieved enough nor come...

Where to order a perfect cover letter

Where to order a perfect cover letter Cover letter writing When you start looking for a job, you need to send potential employers your application work and a cover letter. The majority of students consider writing such letters rather complicated. Nevertheless, it is the most efficient way of presenting yourself. That is why you should write this paper appropriately to show that you are a suitable applicant for the offered job position. In order to write a good work, you should provide detailed information about yourself. Do not forget to describe your significant educational accomplishments. Remember that the primary purpose of your resume cover letter is to impress a prospective employer. If you do everything in the right way, you will be invited for a job interview for sure. Therefore, try hard to produce an exclusive paper that will show your valuable qualities.If you want to write a unique paper, keep in mind the following tips:Make a proper cover letter format. There is no need to use extraordinary fonts or highlight some words. State clear reasons for sending your CV to the chosen company. Indicate whether you are interested in full-time or part-time employment. Ask about career prospects. When writing a cover letter, you should inform the employer about the way you have found out about the position you are applying for. If you have browsed a website of the agency, the employer will understand that you have a deep desire to work in the selected company. You may also tell the name of a person who has advised you to send you resume to a particular organization. Grab employers attention. If you write a good cover letter, it will be read from beginning to end. However, if it is poorly written, an employer will put it aside together with hundreds of other job applications. When preparing this work, you should emphasize that you can help the company grow. You should mention that your resume contains more detailed information about your experience. Thus, a personnel manager will definitely want to read it. Demonstrate your abilities. This is a helpful piece of advice as well as the cover letter tips mentioned above. Make sure that your paper does not contain mistakes. In order to make your work superior, you may tell a joke relating to the job. Indicate contact information. Provide your e-mail or phone number in your cover letter.The best cover letter has to persuade the employer that you are the most suitable candidate for the offered position. Do not hesitate to display your great skills. If you do not understand how to produce an outstanding paper, feel free to turn to us for expert assistance.

Development plan for strengthening scholarship and professional life Assignment

Development plan for strengthening scholarship and professional life - Assignment Example A scholarship enables an individual to make educational advancement in improving professional performance within the nursing profession. The personal development plan remains essential in ensuring improvement of both the professional and scholarship lives. Within the professional life as a nurse, the fundamental role remains the provision of nursing care to individuals who require the services. The functions undertaken as a nurse have been fundamental in determining the quality of services offered within the profession. The fundamental requirements in undertaking the various responsibilities include different skills, which are essential in performing various functions. Communication remains a basic requirement within this profession as individuals must communicate in seeking to gather information from individuals being provided with care. Effectiveness of the services delivered in the nursing profession remains highly dependent on effective communication. This enables one to understand the other individuals and the patients receiving care as well. Working relationships with other professional employees also presents a significant impact upon the services delivered within the healthcare sector. Many of the care services are provided by different professional in achieving holistic care. The relationships existing between these professional have fundamental effect in care delivery and establishment of good relationships remains a basic requirement for the ole of a nurse. Knowledge and understanding enables one to effectively manage the various situations which commonly face nurses within the profession. The knowledge is commonly gained from educational training and work experience, as well (Sinclair & Ferguson, 2009). This remains one of the fundamental aspects required in ensuring effective delivery of healthcare services. Continuous improvement of the above aspects remains

Liberal and Realists view on NAFTA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Liberal and Realists view on NAFTA - Essay Example The following paper compares and contrasts liberal and realist views on NAFTA. Liberals argue that free trade is advantageous only when the margin is not at risk of economic manipulation by the central player in the agreement, which is the United States in NAFTA’s case (Chan 7). This argument comes from advocates who believe in the protection of individual freedoms and civil rights, including uncompromising interests like natural surroundings. In contrast, realist advocates emphasize the core significance of power and economic interests. These emphases revolve around the principles of intergovernmentalism, least-common denominator negotiating, and stern limits on future handovers of independence (Chan 12). This realist view suits the most recent events in North America in the course of its regional presence despite originating from the EU. Liberals are against government involvement in top economic projects or activities through projectionist regulations like duties, grants, and quotas (Chan 9). Realists’ logic on government involvement is that a country’s welfare is the main concern over international objectives (Chan 16). Liberals’ focus is on general economic development as proven by rises in GDP. This basis means liberals expected NAFTA to generate a rise in exports of products and services, raise employment rates, raise overseas investments, and trigger general economic growth. In comparison, realists believe a nation should accumulate wealth and power through self-adequacy. As a result, realists were directly against a free trade convention such as NAFTA during its formation in the early 1990s since it endangered the local manufacturing industry through competition and forms trade shortfalls. Liberalism relates to the Dependency theory, which contends that central and marginal economic affairs are concerns for a specific type of fundamental economist (Chan 11).

Business event Operation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business event Operation - Essay Example The event seeks to deliver an understanding to the customer segments that the newly-developed vodka emanates from the company’s devotion that compelled its staff to embark on a two-year research and development to produce the sophisticated wine with a 100% wheat ingredients (Coulter 2010, p. 5). In order to reach the target consumer groups, the observation has been that the Cavendish London hotel’s eco-friendly practices will match the firm’s need to provoke the understanding that the company is indeed devoted into emulating sustainable measures in every aspect that it will relate to during its endeavours. The choice of holding the event at the Cavendish London matches the marketing and consumer attraction needs since the target high-end clientele will perceive the important aspects outlined in the product and conceive the reality of the attributes since the acceptance of the product’s launch at the hotel will emanate from the evaluations undertaken by the venue’s management to identify the products eco-friendly aspects (Van der Aalst, 2008, p. 190). The four star hotel is located at the city’s commercial centre and its provision of environmentally friendly attributes relate to the newly developed vodka’s sustainability measures and consumption patterns in the target consumer markets (Corrà   2010, p. 2). The emphases that the venue is an appropriate platform emanate from the provision of large conference rooms that can comfortably accommodate the estimated 100 number of guests. Further, the Cavendish management will provide the required dining and enterta inment room, and following the consultations made, the Big Ben Conferencing room and the immediate rooms will be allocated to suit the event’s needs. The two parties have agreed to enter into a mutual agreement in hosting the new vodka launching event. The Cavendish London and the Maitre de Chai profess similar sustainable measures despite their

Education Among the Pakistani Women Essay Example for Free

Education Among the Pakistani Women Essay Introduction Education is perhaps the main source of human intellectual development and a critical factor pertaining to standard of living. Education here refers to all instructions received by a child, whether at home, playground, or school. Continuous increase in population and declining assets in public education give birth to a serious dilemma for developing countries. Like most of rest of the developing world, Pakistan is known to be a male dominated country and ranks as the seventh most populous of the world. The sex ratio is 105.7 men to every 100 women, with an overall literacy rate of only 45%; 56.5 percent for males and 32.6 percent for females in 1998 (Jehan, 2000). For centuries women have been battling for equality, yet the society continues to shape the stereotypical view of women and is responsible for the lower status of women. This paper aims to explore the factors obstructing Pakistani women, specifically in rural areas where they cannot acquire education. The consequences they face due to lack of academic opportunities are also discussed alongside an elaborate analysis pertaining to various sociological concepts introduced in the course. This is an ongoing cultural and political issue, which reflects the corrupt government and extreme subjective interpretations of the religious doctrines. The status of Pakistani women reflects the complex interplay of many factors such as social, cultural, and religious views. In addition, the gender biases, geographical regions, and social classes pose several difficulties for Pakistani women. Lack of education quite obviously hinders their practicality in the workforce along with increased unawareness about health and failure to access legal rights for mistreatment from the male dominating society. The social and cultural perspective of Pakistani society is primarily patriarchal. At a very early stage men and women are divided into two separate worlds, this becomes a way of life. For women home is defined as being the lawfully ideological space whereas, the men dominate the world outside the home. This false ideological discrimination between inside and outside worlds is supported by the notion of honor and the tradition of purdah (veil, the seclusion of women from the sight of men or strangers) in Pakistan (Country Briefing Paper, 2000). The male honor is associated with the women’s sexual behaviour, the family’s honor hold great emphasis on women’s sexuality. Although the women are not prohibited from working, at the same time they are supposed to firmly follow the rules of morality. They may feel a role strain, to be a â€Å"good† daughter or wife or to have the right to do a job they wish to do. Status is defined by your social location, and women in general face everyday prejudice because of their gender. Pakistan, being a developing country, has a lower overall status in the world. Pakistani women have many statuses; one being a â€Å"Pakistani†, this however is an achieved or ascribed social position. Meaning it can be attained either by taking birth in the country, or by applying to become a citizen. Being Pakistani is not her only social position, when she’s born; she’s a daughter (ascribed status), when she gets married; she’s a wife (achieved status), and then when she has children she’s a mother (achieved status). The status in terms of just occupying a position; the 3 different statues that the Pakistani women achieve are daughter, wife, and mother. She is not known for anything other than that. Rarely are they known for ‘working women’, or any kind of job positions. The culture looks at them as nothing more, nor are they supposed to have any other status. Status in terms of prestige or honour; for centuries women have been fighting for equality, equal rights, honour, and respect; despite all of that, it is still an ongoing struggle. Pakistani women have an ascribed lower status, this means that women don’t earn or work towards being a lower status; they are given it by birth. Most Pakistani families yearn for a son, so he could handle the family business, but on receiving a daughter, they are ashamed. Hence this starts her being worthless in the eyes of her parents. As she grows older, the neighbours start to look at her that way, and so forth. Eventually the society looks at her that way and therefore, it becomes a norm, or part of an ideology. A Pakistani women’s life particularly in rural areas is a journey of subordination. As a woman is growing up she must listen to her father who decides whether she obtains education and who she would marry. After marriage her husband and in-laws are the decision makers on her behalf, who mainly decide how many children she would have and whether she is allowed to work outside the household. In a woman’s senior years her sons decide the fate for the rest of her remaining life. This is the norm in Pakistan; the behavioral expectations of women are to listen to the males that dominate their lives. Furthermore the entire society acts as an oppressor imposing stereotypical roles upon them. As such, daughter, wife, mother: in all three of these roles, the woman is expected to be sexually ‘pure’, that is, not to commit any acts of adultery. In all three, she must protect her family’s honor by learning conventional general labor skills, exquisite manners, and modest dressing. Women are part of a loop: this loop starts from being a daughter, being a wife, and finally a mother; it ends in the mother giving birth to another daughter who must now follow her mother’s footsteps and live a life reminiscent to that of her mother. This social structure reflects the roles of women in a shocking new light, a light that barely, if not at all, reaches the west. The daughter’s role: starts when she is born into the family. Her role in her family is to clean the house, take care of the chorus alongside her mother, serve food, and if she’s lucky, go to school in a very unhygienic, little populated school. She is to get married at a very early age and this often results in her not finishing her education. Her father decides whom she should marry; this is a process with both cultural and religious significance. According to Islam, it is already written to whom you will marry. By the father being the person who decides, that gives him the â€Å"higher authority† or â€Å"higher status† as the daughter must be handed over by a wali (the present caretaker, either her oldest brother or father). The role of the wife: in most sense the role of the wife is very similar to that of the daughter; she is supposed to keep the honour of the husband by keeping quiet, following his lead, and implicitly being a slave. The role of mother: this is when the daughter learns to take all the cultural guidelines and the norms and apply it on her children. Thus the cycle starts all over again. In order for this cycle to break the women need to view their roles in perceptive of the bigger picture. They need to realize that they have voices and that they can change their faith. Though this does not mean going against their religion, but to fight for their rights in a politically corrupted governing system. Acquiring academic and career planning resources is definitely a constructive and logical start to absolving them from this loop. Conversely, the political and cultural infrastructure most definitely tries to thwart these efforts. The implications of these cultural requirements and lack of education for women’s economic activities are catastrophic. The female labour force participation is known to be the second lowest for Pakistan in the world (Jehan, 2000). Their high contribution in agriculture and the informal sector of work tends to go unrecorded by the statistics. However, in the poorest regions, some opportunities occur for women to work outside areas for domestic services such as sweepers, construction workers, and hired labourers. Women are also restricted to several industries such as textiles, food and beverages and pharmaceuticals. This norm guides the social behavior of Pakistani women, where they cannot acquire high paid jobs and limits women to jobs that are lowest paid and require less mobility. These gender-defined roles vary from the geographical region in which they reside, where some areas are stricter. The main concern is the lack of education among the rural areas limiting their working capabilities. The total number of females with less than primary education is 18% (Ibraz, 1993). The situation is better in urban areas where women have overcome some of the traditional restrictions due to educational facilities. Another factor that restricts Pakistani females from acquiring higher level of education is the traditional rule of marrying them at an early age. The average age of marriage is stated at 17 years for females (Ibraz, 1993). After marriage the beliefs of the husband interfere; resulting in his social behavior of making his wife take care of the household and his family rather than continuing with further education or working outside the household. Cultural ideas such as protecting the family’s honor result in women barely communicating with men outside th eir family. If any communication is necessary, they adjust their religious headgear to make sure that proper protocol is followed and communicate only with minimal eye contact and enthusiasm. Another cultural idea such as honor killings also encourages males to warn females of the consequences of not following the norms and of course, encourage them even more to carry out an execution if the woman is in fact found guilty. Also, in rural areas, a common cultural idea is that education encourages women to rebel against their respective families. This furthermore advocates the practice of not wasting money sending girls to school. Social identity: women who are brave and resourceful enough to leave their families are marked as ‘heathen’ or ‘witchy’. Other females in the neighbourhood are forbidden to socialize with them. Therefore, a common tool to dominate women who do rebel is to take away all social identity from them or in worse cases, demeaning their social identity through media propagandas and common word of mouth. This is a very potent technique; it makes other women (who are in sync with ‘norms’ ) disrespect and look down on those that actually stood up to the discriminating societal structure. The male dominating ideology, therefore, persists. The health indicators of Pakistani women are among the worst in the world. Pakistan is known to be one of the few countries where the life expectancy of males exceeds the females. One in every 38 women die due to pregnancy related complications (Annual Report, 2009). The health of the Pakistani women was never considered a priority because woman as a gender are not culturally, traditionally, or religiously given equal status in the society. The health system relies on this gender inequality and is hesitant to adopt policies to help improve women’s health. Lack of awareness among the female population allows them to accept the mistreatment from the system. They are more likely to approach different methods of treatments themselves. More than 80% women are delivered at home in the presence of unskilled birth attendants (Annual Report, 2009). Social and domestic control over women’s sexuality, their economic dependence on men, and restrictions on their mobility establish the health services provided to males and females. Furthermore, honour killings, rape, and illegal trafficking of women are prevalent across much of the country. Women in Pakistan are seen as a representative of the men’s honour to whom they belong; they are responsible for guarding their virginity and chastity. If a woman is superficially having an illicit sexual relationship, she degrades the family honor and looses the right to life (Amnesty International, 1999). In response the man publicly reveals his power to safeguard his honour by killing the women that have damaged it, these acts are done openly. Brutal punishments are reported for bringing food late, for answering back, and even for undertaking forbidden family visits. Extreme measures such as honour killings take place for several matters. Conveying the desire to choose a spouse and marrying a partner of their own choice is an act of disobedience since most marriages are supposed to be arranged by fathers. Divorce is seen as a public rebelliousness and women must be punished for restoring male honour. Rape among the Pakistani women is seen as a highly shameful event and thus rape victims are also executed. The Government of Pakistan has failed to take any measures against the honour killings (Amnesty International, 1999). The political institution is flawed; the law and government that are supposed to protect their people from harm’s way; institutionalized corruption. To give women a lower status and view them as unequal is prejudice. It is institutionalized for a Pakistani woman to follow the authority of the man, since he is superior to. It is a practice to look down upon women in Pakistan as it became a norm. An example of such injustice is a story of rape victim named Shazia Khalid. She was a medical doctor, who got married and was offered a job by a government run facility. Her husband worked outside the country, she was staying at the facility that was secured by the members of the military. She was repeatedly raped overnight and then silenced by the military as they would not allow the police to investigate. To avoid embarrassment of the military, General Musharraf, the president of Pakistan, declared the rapist innocent. They further attacked Shazia by suggesting she was a prostitute. At this point Shazia attempted suicide but thankfully was saved by her child’s request. Her story increased media’s attention and further humiliated the president of the country, her family was asked to leave the country by the order of the government. They decided to immigrate to Canada but because immediate actions were required they were told to reside in England where they will be further assisted by the government to move to Canada. When landing at England they were abandoned by the government and are living on welfare waiting from their admission to Canada (McKenna, 2006). Egocentrism plays a big role in the hearts of Pakistani men. Their pride and honor has a prestige status; meaning its worth more whereas a woman’s life is worthless. They created this norm shared by the society. In deciding not to follow the norm results in negative sanctions. Due to the institutionalized corruption many Pakistani women have taken a toll to fight for their rights. Diverse groups including the Womens Action Forum, the Pakistan Women Lawyers Association, the All-Pakistan Womens Association and the Business and Professional Womens Association, are supporting projects throughout the country that focus on empowering women. They have been involved in such activities as instituting legal aid for indigent women, opposing the gendered segregation of universities, and publicizing and condemning the growing incidents of violence against women. ( Group, strict)The progressive women’s association (PWA) and the all Pakistan women’s association (APWA) is comprised of educated individuals; an example of their political struggle is the attempt to change the hadood ordinances law in Pakistan regarding rape. They are quite effective as they are setting the milestone for women standing up for their rights in the country. Conclusion In light of arguments presented in the paper, the low status of Pakistani women can be attributed to lack of education and cultural values. The consequences are very negative: inequality in the workforce, poor health, and marriage at young age with high fertility and childbearing mortality. Pakistani women lagging behind in education are not aware of their legal rights and are forced to focus on obligations of family life. Although this paper is geared mainly towards the women in rural areas of Pakistan, the cultural and traditional aspect of life imposed on women still persists in middle and higher classes, merely less strict. Hence, there is definitely a big gap between the loose group of women and the strict group of women. Consequently, a solution to the issue can also be portrayed as bridging the gap between these two respective groups. Assistance from the global community will be required to educate different populations to invoke change. Resources APA style Annual Report. (2009). Health of women in Pakistan. Society of Obstetricians Gynaecologists of Pakistan. Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center (JPMC). Amnesty International. (1999). Pakistan, Honour Killings of Girls and Women. Country Briefing Paper, Women in Pakistan. (2000). Situation Analysis of Women in Pakistan: An overview Ibraz, Tassawar S. Fatima, Anjum. (1993). Uneducated and Unhealthy: The Plight of Women in Pakistan. 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